BSV Forum - Writing - Canon

Two questions re:fanon (scholarly works & vamps, oh my!)

Jun 22 2010 02:10 am   #1ghostyouknow27
So ... I read a really interesting slide show on Watcher Junior about Buffy's representation in the comics and what traits make her recognizable, even if they aren't shared by SMG. And this got me thinking about fanon, and what fans pick and choose from canon, and what they change, and why. I was wondering if anyone has read any interesting meta commentary examining fanon from a sociological or cultural perspective?

Also, I'm trying to think up fanon aspects of vampire physiology that never appear on the show. Memes/tropes that appear in vamp!Buffy fics, especially (I only rarely read them). And I'm ignoring claiming cuz that's a whole nother deal.

So far, I have ...

•Slayers keep their souls when they're turned
•Buffy's used to controlling her slayer demon, so controlling a vamp demon's no big
•Buffy's slayer demon and vamp demon will duke it out in her head
•Golden flecks become visible in vampire's human eyes when they are angry or otherwise excited
•Vamped Slayers are super strong. Sometimes, they can enter sunlight
• Vampires are no worse than human beings, just super misunderstood, the poor darlings; people with souls commit murder every day
• Shifting into game face makes tongues and, er, other areas, increase in size, texture, dexterity, etc.
• Vamp or no, Buffy must kiss Spike while in game face. She will cut her tongue on his fangs and fill his mouth with her blood, and this will get them both hot.
• Vamps are orally fixated. Incidentally, Buffy tastes like chocolate layer cake (okay, honey, honeyed wine or ambrosia). Spike, obviously, tastes like salted Twinkies
• Fangs or fang-grooves are super sensitive
• Vamp saliva heals and closes wounds
• There is such a thing as "childer"
• Vamps poop if they eat human food (sometimes)
• Buffy's feelings are the same pre- and post-vamp, so she knows Giles has lied to her all this time about vampires not feeling things/being the person they were prior to becoming vampires
• Vampire blood heals and closes wounds (if you drink it)

I know I'm missing a lot. Will appreciate help!





Jun 22 2010 02:29 am   #2maryperk
Ah, fanon at its best.  Although, I've never read the 'vamps poop if they eat human food (sometimes)'  thing, and I'm pretty sure I don't wanna.  LOL.  Haven't seen the 'vampire blood heals and closes wounds if you drink it' either.   I thought it gave you a high.
Jun 22 2010 02:37 am   #3ghostyouknow27
I've read at least a few where Spike poops/pisses if he eats human food.

Actually, I haven't seen vamp blood getting you high outside of True Blood. Does it often pop up in BtVS fanon?
Jun 22 2010 02:39 am   #4ghostyouknow27
Ooh, I forgot vamped Slayers have prettier game faces with cuter fangs. I know I've seen that at least a few times.
Jun 22 2010 02:39 am   #5Niori
The whole vamp blood healing is out of the Sookie Stackhouse books, which translates into Trueblood. I have nevever seen it used in btvs though.
~ Niori ~
Jun 22 2010 02:45 am   #6ghostyouknow27
I would have sworn I've read miracle vamp blood, but it's more than possible I'm mixing up Southern Vampire Mysteries/ BtVS fandom. I know saliva is absolutely true of BtVS, though.
Jun 22 2010 02:51 am   #7slaymesoftly
Many of these I've seen at one time or another - but not the drinking vamp blood has any effects other than to be necessary to turn a dying victim. The vamp blood gets you high is definitely from TrueBlood (or the books). The drinking it promotes healing I've never seen except as related to another vampire. Sire's blood (or family blood) is sometimes said to heal. That may actually be canon, though, now that I think about it.  Not sure.  Haven't seen the Buffy tasting like chocolate cake. lol. Or that her slayer demon and her vampire demon would battle it out; or that having controlled the slayer demon all her life, she won't struggle with the vamp demon.  Not too sure about the poor, misunderstood vamps either. lol I've seen fics where there's more to them than raving bloodthirsty fledges, but that could be seen as canon once we watched Spike change through the years, and what he would and wouldn't do for Drusilla and then Buffy.
I am not a minion of Evil...
I am upper management.
Jun 22 2010 03:02 am   #8ghostyouknow27
You know, I think I was thinking of the Sire blood healing a Childe, which might be borderline canon. Angel's blood cured Dru, but we don't know if that was a specific instance, I don't think.

Cake was a joke. ;-)

Vamp demon vs. slayer demon also manifests as the two natures conflicting (I know this happened in Kallysten, and I'm sure I've seen it elsewhere, too).

Humans being as bad as vamps is usually a quick line or piece of dialogue, and it pops up everywhere. I can think of Anaross and Addie Logan off the top of my head, but I know I've seen it more than twice.
Jun 22 2010 03:28 am   #9Spikez_tart
Buffy smells like vanilla - I think that came from a dumb romance movie that SMG made where she's a cook and uses vanilla orchids in pudding or something.  SORRY for the multiple posts.
If we want her to be exactly she'll never be exactly I know the only really real Buffy is really Buffy and she's gone' who?
Jun 22 2010 03:39 am   #10maryperk
Maybe not 'high' high, but I've read fics where Buffy feels different after tasting Drac's blood.
Jun 22 2010 03:40 am   #11Spikez_tart
I think she has a little sexual experience.
If we want her to be exactly she'll never be exactly I know the only really real Buffy is really Buffy and she's gone' who?
Jun 22 2010 04:20 am   #12ghostyouknow27
Well, in canon, vampire biting you = big honking metaphor for sex.

In fanon, a vampire bites cause instant orgasm, there are both painful and pleasurable bites, vampires have to bite to climax, and biting a vampire back makes them all kinds of happy.

I suppose it is canon that Buffy bites Spike and that he likes it. I doubt she was going after his neck, though. He didn't seem appreciative when it was Harmony.

Jun 22 2010 01:10 pm   #13slaymesoftly
Yes, I've seen references to humans being as bad as vamps, just not where the vamps are as good as humans (oops - just remembered "Brave New World" in which they have become members of society)

It's easy to see from all the comments how canon and fanon become confused in our minds.  Even a throw-away line that many viewers won't remember seeing can make something that builds from there into canon or at least canon-based fanon.
I am not a minion of Evil...
I am upper management.
Jun 22 2010 02:25 pm   #14maryperk
I think that's where all the nicknames get started.  One of the characters will use a nickname in passing and we'll jump on it like Peaches.  Spike used it once in Lover's Walk in the kitchen scene and it's grown!
Jun 22 2010 06:44 pm   #15nmcil
One pretty much established fanon is the mental connections that comes with mating -  but if I remember correctly, Vampires in the Buffyverse are protected from mental invasions from humans.  Buffy can't read vampire minds if I have it right, when she is bitten and poisoned by a demon.  

Another vampire drinking trait, that is used in Buffyverse and other vampire works, particular Anne Rice, is the intimate connection of the victim's life when a vampire drinks their blood.  Plus the emotional connection with the victim, Spike refers to this in either "The Killer In Me" or "Sleeper."  Spike also established that Vampire can be influenced by their victim's blood if the victims are drugged with his references to Woodstock and Angel/Angelus is extremely effected by the Orpheus drug when he drinks from Faith.

Other than "Brave New World" - or Alternative Reality works, I know that there are some where vamps and humans reverse the "good vs evil" mode - I don't recall  works that take on the themes of "intrinsic evil character" of vampires.  Generally it is used to contrast and emphasis the debate of CoW dogma and how it influenced Buffy, Giles and Scoobies same with Angel/Angelus and the AI Team.  Spike, in LMPTM is one time that I recall when the fundamental  Vampire vs Slayer character trait referenced - it's the way the game is played (paraphrase).
” Recent evolutionary models have demonstrated what politicians have long known: the best way to get people to collaborate and to think like a group is to identify an enemy and charge that “they” threaten “us.”

Michael Tomasello is co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Jun 23 2010 12:58 am   #16ghostyouknow27
Buffy can't read Angel's mind in Ear Shot (which I think Charlaine Harris must have seen), but Lorne can read his destiny when he sings. So maybe demons can read other demons when humans can't. The girl from Help in S7 also tells Spike a bit of his future, but that's not mind reading.

I think I was conflating vamps as good as humans/humans as bad as vamps, though as Slaymesoftly points out, both exist. I think there's also a fic where Buffy goes into an AU where vamps are good and humans are bad.

In fanon, I often see Spike make a speech about how vampires are the same people they were before they're turned, and someone asks him if he's the same, and he says something like, "No, but are you the same person you were x amount of years ago?" Or someone makes Angel confess that he and Angelus are the same person.

I think that could be said to be extrapolated from Dopplegangland, though I also think it's an oversimplification. Canon also supports that vampires are incapable of feeling certain things, like love and loyalty (Spike being a rare exception). I'm thinking about Angel telling Darla he never loved her because he didn't have a soul, and Darla's speech before she dusts herself to have Connor. I don't remember seeing that inability explored, though.

I don't remember Spike talking about the emotional connection to the victim, but I rewatched S6 which naturally progressed to watching S7, so I'll get there soon. I do know he talks about blood making you something other than dead in S5, so the life force in the blood is important.

Oh, and the bite being a sexual or addictive experience is also reinforced by the vampire brothel in S5, though Riley didn't seem all that excited.
Jun 23 2010 11:16 pm   #17All4Spike
Ghostyouknow: Canon also supports that vampires are incapable of feeling certain things, like love and loyalty (Spike being a rare exception). I'm thinking about Angel telling Darla he never loved her because he didn't have a soul, and Darla's speech before she dusts herself to have Connor. I don't remember seeing that inability explored, though.

Ats S3 Ep 1 'Heartthrob' - Angel freely admits that the vampires James & Elizabeth had a 'forever love' thereby refuting everything he previously said about soulless vampires being unable to feel love. To my mind this meant it wasn't Spike's ability to love that was unusual, but Angelus' inability to feel love. Don't forget the Judge in 'Innocence' said Angelus had no humanity in him, whereas Spike, Drusilla and even poor little Dalton 'reeked of humanity' - which as far as I'm concerned meant they could love. As a result I theorise that as with humans, the ability to feel the finer emotions such as love varies enormously between individuals.
Love's a funny thing...
Jun 23 2010 11:31 pm   #18slaymesoftly
Word, All4Spike.  Liam and Darla weren't particularly caring, upstanding citizens when they were human - why would they be any different as Vampires?  William and Drusilla were good people, losing their souls took the goodness away, but not their ability to care for others.
I am not a minion of Evil...
I am upper management.
Jun 23 2010 11:53 pm   #19Ami
OMG, A big fat WORD to slaymesoftly and All4Spike! And one of Buffy's big problems in dealing with Spike loving her is that she could not wrap her mind around the fact that Angel as Angelus couldn't love her w/o the soul, while Spike soulless COULD. It just blew her little rose colored view of Angel to pieces, so she always told Spike he couldn't love w/o a soul knowing damn well that he could...she saw it herself with Dru. So why is it that Angel is the better vamp again? Who the hell knows...;)
Jun 24 2010 01:32 am   #20All4Spike
Another fanon vampire characteristic I've just thought of that occasionally crops up is that they cry 'blood tears'. No evidence for this on the show.
Love's a funny thing...
Jun 24 2010 03:24 am   #21ghostyouknow27
James and Elizabeth had a crazy, obsessive, insane sort of love. From transcript: <i>Cordy: "No! If you were a loser, if you were some sick obsessed vampire, you'd go to a Snod demon, or whatever, and get your heart cut out. But you're not! You're a living, breathing... Well, living, anyway - good guy, whose still fighting and trying to help people, and that's not betraying her, that's honoring her."</i>

If it's love, it's very different from human love. And while I do believe that Dru loved Spike as much as she was capable of loving him (and I hate it when Spuffy fics say Dru doesn't love Spike/Spike never really loved Dru), she's not loyal to him (see AtS:S5). I believe the Judge says that they are capable of "jealousy" and "affection." Spike says that what he feels for Buffy is "different." Perhaps I shouldn't have said that vamps can't feel love – but it's demonstrated that they don't love like humans (it's more of a sick obsession, in most cases) and that there is very little loyalty among vamps. And I still think Darla's speech where she says that, not only will she not love Connor, she won't remember or recognize what love is, is still important. Sorry, I do tend to take an unsentimental/more cynical view of vamps than a lot of fans.

Spike is, by far, a better person than Angelus. But I don't think Buffy's view was entirely ignorant or selfish, even if she also was not right in many of her assumptions about Spike.

I figured out where I saw blood healing humans, btw. In an AU.

I also remember that Dark Apple has Spike intrinsically evil. He says at one point that he's evil, and can't ever stop guarding against being evil.
Jun 24 2010 06:04 am   #22nmcil
"James and Elizabeth had a crazy, obsessive, insane sort of love. From transcript: <i>Cordy: "No! If you were a loser, if you were some sick obsessed vampire, you'd go to a Snod demon, or whatever, and get your heart cut out. But you're not! You're a living, breathing... Well, living, anyway - good guy, whose still fighting and trying to help people, and that's not betraying her, that's honoring her."</i>"

Yes, but this all depends on how you apply the cultural perspectives and the reality that personal filters create.  What makes Romeo and Juliet and their acts and choices not "obsessive"  - killing oneself over the loss of a loved one can be seen either as "obsessive" or as the ultimate expression of love and loss.   A writer, poet, artist, philosopher or extreme romantic  might have a totally different interpretation  than a psychologist or psychiatrist or a parent.   Cordelia would not have been an impartial party - all of the human warriors from Buffy, Giles and all the Scoobies to Angel/Angelus and all the AI Team are predisposed from their training and perspective to see vampires in a particular way.

The big difference that I see between the best of the FF writers and the canon and treatment of the series - is that the writers of the series would  often disregard logical connections in the service of the story and impact they wanted to achieve.  The Best of the FF writers try to solve some of the plot holes and themes that the canon left dangling.  Maybe not so much now, but certainly in the works that were done while the series were aired. 



” Recent evolutionary models have demonstrated what politicians have long known: the best way to get people to collaborate and to think like a group is to identify an enemy and charge that “they” threaten “us.”

Michael Tomasello is co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Jun 24 2010 12:19 pm   #23ghostyouknow27
Ha! I would say that Romeo and Juliet were sick! If we're talking suicidal couples, I find Antony and Cleopatra more compelling, and the text very clearly give you the choice between thinking it's grand love or two petty people who inflate each others' egos.

Did ME leave plot holes? Well, yeah. It annoys me when it involves dropping characters or bizarrely changing who needs an invite and when, but not when it comes to things like What Vamps Feel. I do think it's a oversimplification to say that you're the same person after you're made into a vampire, but I also think that the "it remembers your life, but it's not you" viewpoint is demonstrated untrue throughout the series. A writer can take a hard line either way based on canonical events, but I think the ambiguity allows for a wealth of defensible viewpoints, including mine! :-)
Jun 24 2010 04:52 pm   #24slaymesoftly
Anne Rice did the blood tears thing.
Romeo and Juliet = two hormonal teenagers who brains haven't yet grown into their emotions.  That kind of stuff still happens, but probably less often now that kids have counselors and hovering parents to keep an eye on them.  The priest should have counseled them instead of marrying them, IMHO. But that wouldn't have made nearly as great a play. :)
Vampires and love - probably not something very many of them indulge in, for sure. However, in spite of his having almost casually staked Darla to save Buffy back in the day, Angel clearly cares about her when she comes back.  (one of ME's lapses in logic, IMHO - I would love to have seen a bit more made of that. Seems to me it should have set off a big round of brooding...) I don't think there's any question that Spike loved Dru. I'd have a problem with any fic that dismissed it as not real.  And, in her own crazy way, she undoubtedly loved him. Maybe not as much as she loved her sire in his unsoulled form, but there was a bond there. Buffy being human and the slayer lent a whole other dimension to the emotions, which could account for their different reactions to her.  Loving Buffy would be very different from "loving" the vampire who made you, who was part of your vampire family for years.
I've seen a few fics that indicated Dru, being crazy, didn't do a perfect job of turning William - hence his clinging to his human emotions - but I'm not sure I was ever convinced that was the reason.  As someone mentioned, the judge rejected both Spike and Dru as having too much humanity in them.  They were flawed vampires. 
On the other hand, I like the argument that "biology isn't destiny", so I'm always willing to read a well-done fic in which other vampires show more depth than 'evil, kill, eat, repeat'.
I am not a minion of Evil...
I am upper management.
Jun 25 2010 01:49 am   #25ghostyouknow27
Have you seen the gay best friend youtube videos? This R&J conversation makes me think of them ...

Angel/Angelus and Darla clearly shared a connection, but Darla's also more than willing to leave Angel to a mob ...

I think some fans think getting Spike and Buffy together means invalidating their previous relationships (I also see Buffy and Angel not ever loving each other).

I also don't buy that William wasn't turned correctly. I always thought it had more to do with the kind of person he was, but we never received a definitive answer from ME, so it's certainly open to interpretation.

I'm a sucker for things-defying-their-nature stories. But I also think that it's possible to have complicated, interesting vampires who are also evil (like our Scourge of Europe).


Jun 25 2010 07:39 pm   #26nmcil
One question that I always had and I don't recall ever being answered in the series is What Exactly is this vampire demon - It the vampire demon the same as a soul?  Is it a spirit of energy form since it must inhabit a human life form?  Are vampires all descendants from the first vampire life form? 

Are there FF works that explore the "vampire life form" in the context of how the vampire demonic life form propagates or evolved - what actually invaded William when Dru sired him? 

What are the most used explanations for the origins and inherent nature of the vampire demons?  When you are presented with the great contrast between the newly turned William who automatically loves his mother enough to want to cure her.  Then we see what his mother becomes after shed is turned, all her real love for William is completely gone and corrupted.  Bring in Harmony who is so completely the same as her human personality and it all becomes even more confusing.   
” Recent evolutionary models have demonstrated what politicians have long known: the best way to get people to collaborate and to think like a group is to identify an enemy and charge that “they” threaten “us.”

Michael Tomasello is co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Aug 03 2010 09:01 am   #27myrabeth
I generally take the approach that the vampire is essentially the same person when turned, he or she just wakes up with a crazy blood lust and a strong feeling of familial loyalty to his or her sire. From that point on, it's not about nature, it's nurture and choice. Some see their "new lives" as an opportunity for reinvention, or to just run wild, free of the confines of society. Some are trained and molded into something unlike themselves by their sires.

It's a simplistic way of thinking, I admit, but it's the only thing I can come up with that explains the wide variety we saw in canon.

Examples from each end of the spectrum:

Harmony:
Too dense to realize she could completely change if she wanted to. She tacked on "I'm evil" like it was an award she got on the cheer squad that gave her a pass to do a little more stupid/reckless stuff than when she was breathing. That was the only real difference in her. As far as we know, she had no relationship with her sire, and her sire may in fact have not lived long to see her rise.

Liam: Probably a sociopath, but at least a good old fashioned womanizing asshole. Add strong encouragement from Darla to become a master of torture,  mix in his existing anger at his father and everything his father stood for (probably including the Catholic Church), and voila! Instant Angelus.

See? No need to even consider demons and souls. If you view a vamp's behavior as a result of Nurture, not Nature, it starts to make more sense... and the CoW line of thinking looks even dumber than it did before.
http://myrabethfanfic.wordpress.com
Aug 03 2010 02:46 pm   #28ghostofsnickerdoodle
I like to think that humans are "Turned" – that they are twisted or transformed into demons, rather than possessed by something that has nothing to do with the person they were. Still, ME tends to think the soul's important, so I don't think you can dismiss it, and becoming a demon does seem to eradicate any understanding of "good."

I think Harmony was a joke (she was practically soulless before, viewers!).

I really don't think Liam was an evil human being. He was irresponsible and probably had a few bastards and a few more STDs, but I think his intentions were mostly about annoying his father/chasing tail, not ruining lives. He wasn't a good person (far from it!) but I don't think he was terrible enough to explain becoming the worst vamp of all time. Otherwise, he'd be an evil, womanizing drunk as a soulled vampire as well.

Besides, you still have William's mother, who was clearly a good person in life, but who became an Angelus-like monster when she was turned.

I think there has to be some odd, unexplained randomness at work.
Aug 03 2010 03:18 pm   #29slaymesoftly
Perhaps some of the randomness has to do with the strength and personality of the demon now sharing the body? No reason why they can't vary as much as people do.
I am not a minion of Evil...
I am upper management.
Aug 03 2010 08:05 pm   #30Legen
Perhaps some of the randomness has to do with the strength and personality of the demon now sharing the body?
that's assuming that each new vampire gets a different demon and not just a peice of the demon from their sire. but then that also makes the demon more like a soul. so, then you could say maybe it's a form of a soul and that maybe humans get them, too. which would result in people that are human and way eviler then some of the vampires we come across, in both canon and fanon.
Your heart will break, your tears will fall, but don't be suprised, if there is someone there, to catch you when you fall. Becuase you, yes you, are awesome.
Aug 05 2010 04:22 am   #31nmcil
 



The turning of William's mother seems an outstanding example of the human and the vampire co-existence. Why Darla tells Angelus, that his former life will influence his vampire life. William even as a vampire has a very strong connection to his for his mother. Love is what is motivating him, to heal his mother and give her life – to keep them together sure, but I don't believe that this was his primary reason he turned her.

But look at what happens to his mother. Her love for William and her perceptions of her life are very different as a vampire. She sees with her new eyes , but she is still responding to her life as a mother and the social restraints of her era. Her mind set now is of no remorse or social constraints. Contrast this to William who is still being defined by his love for her and their mother/son relationship. When he stakes her, he is saving that love and his mother. There was something in William's human character and capacity to love that does not immediately fall away as it does with his mother.

One of the reasons that I always disliked the treatment for Angel vs Angelus is the idea that there was a separation so complete, as if two different lives were created. We can see that William's mother in her new vampire life draws directly on her human life – she is not all of a sudden this crazed out of control raving evil demon. Her intellect and memories from human life come right into her vampire life – but filtered with no more rules and social conditioning. The big hole and weakness in all of the Buffyverse is the use of “soul” as the fundamental & vital difference between Angel-Angelus. Clearly the having of a “soul” makes no difference whatever to the conduct of human behavior for either “good” or “evil” - and Angel, could not possibly exist without being connected to Angelus.
 

MOTHER: Am I? Well, I suppose I have you to thank for that, don't I? How ever will I repay you?
WILLIAM: Seeing you like this is payment enough.
MOTHER: Oh, William, you're so... tender.
WILLIAM: Well, this is as it should be, mother. You and I together. All of London laid out before us.
MOTHER: (smiles) Ah, yes. Us.
WILLIAM: First, we'll feast. Then the night is yours. Theater, perhaps. Dancing? Tell me, what's your pleasure?
MOTHER: Pleasure? To take my leave of you, of course. "The lark hath spake from twixt its wee beak?" You honestly thought I could bear an eternity listening to that twaddle?
MOTHER: I feel extraordinary. It's as though I've been given new eyes. I see everything. Understand... (looks at William, frowns) everything.
WILLIAM: (disturbed) Mother...
MOTHER: I hate to be cruel? No, I don't. I used to hate to be cruel in life. Now, I find it rather freeing. Nothing less will pry your greedy little fingers off my apron strings, will it?
WILLIAM: Stop. Please.
MOTHER: Ever since the day you first slithered from me like a parasite...
WILLIAM: Whatsoever you s?
MOTHER: Had I known better, I could have spared myself a lifetime of tedium and just?
MOTHER: Dashed your brains out when I first saw you.
MOTHER: God, I prayed you'd find a woman to release me, but you scarcely showed an interest. Who could compare to your doddering housebound mum? A captive audience for your witless prattle.
WILLIAM: Whatever I was, that's not who I am anymore.
MOTHER: (snickers) Darling, it's who you'll always be. A limp... sentimental fool.


 

” Recent evolutionary models have demonstrated what politicians have long known: the best way to get people to collaborate and to think like a group is to identify an enemy and charge that “they” threaten “us.”

Michael Tomasello is co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Aug 06 2010 04:36 am   #32pfeifferpack
Interesting discussion. 

You might find some interesting points to ponder here:

http://buffy.wikia.com/wiki/Vampire

In essence, canon vampires were as varied and layered as the humans in many respects (as were several of the demon species) at least insofar as the writer of each episode needed to twist the mythology.  Fic writers do much the same to make whatever plot point needed.  As long as they "explain" it well in a way that I can buy into for the purposes of the story that is fine with me.

As for vampires in literature in general they vary from author to author with their roots based in sexual metaphor stories for the most part. Vampires in non literature mythology vary as well (along with the means of dealing with them) most differences are based on the culture that generated the specific tale.  Interestingly enough most cultures have some creature that clearly fits the basic trope.

Kathleen

 Closed